前言
—
近日，闲来无事想要测试 salem 和 geopandas 结合的相关掩膜。很久之前我已经在 Windows 上记录过相关的安装教程，但是最近发现原来安装之后还会产生很多环境依赖的问题。经过两天的测试，终于解决了环境依赖的问题。
发现主要依赖冲突的地方在于 salem 的安装。根据官网的介绍，salem 需要依赖于 rasterio、shapely、geopandas 这三个库，而 rasterio 和 geopandas 又依赖于 GDAL。之前我安装 geopandas 时是通过 pip 安装源文件的，所以导致 geopandas 和 salem 中的 GDAL 和 rasterio 的环境产生了冲突，导致虽然明面上安装成功了，但是实际运行时会出现 rasterio 无法导入、GDAL 无法查找到路径等问题。
此外，在安装 salem 过程中还需要安装 netCDF4，进行 nc 文件的读取。而单独安装 salem 过程中也会导致额外安装的 xarray 出现问题，无法正常读取 nc 文件。
此外，由于安装 geopandas 过程需要依赖投影 pyproj 这个库，而 cartopy 这个库对于不同的 Python 版本所需要的 pyproj 也是不一样的，所以会导致 geopandas 安装的 pyproj 与 cartopy 不适配，导致无法成功进行投影绘图。
综上，通过单一的 pip 指令安装 salem 和 geopandas 无法解决环境依赖问题，所以这里将采用 conda 进行安装，依次解决不同库之间的环境依赖问题。
解决方法
环境准备
-
anaconda 环境
-
创建一个虚拟环境
conda create -n py311 python=3.11
在3.8和3.11版本的python测试成功，这里以python=3.11版本进行演示
- windows系统
进入虚拟环境
conda activate py311
salem官网中介绍的依赖环境如下所示：
Python 3+
numpy (of course)
scipy: for its interpolation tools, among other things
pyproj: for map projections transformations
netCDF4: to read most geoscientific files
pandas: working with labeled data
xarray : pandas in N-dimensions
joblib: for it’s Memory class
这里将所需要的依赖环境以及常用的库一下全部进行安装，额外安装的包括：xarray、wrf-python、cartopy、geopandas、rasterio、cmaps,可以根据需要进行额外添加。以上的库保证了基本的nc文件读取以及可视化不会出现问题。
安装命令采用forge安装：
conda install conda-forge::gdal rasterio shapely geopandas scipy pyproj netCDF4 xarray joblib salem pillow matplotlib scikit-image cartopy wrf-python cmaps
等待安装结束后，运行相关代码，成功搞定！！！
以下附上所有安装库的对应版本，方便一键进行安装。
conda env create -f environment.yml
name: py311
channels:
- conda-forge
- defaults
dependencies:
- affine=2.3.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- alabaster=0.7.12=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- aom=3.7.1=h63175ca_0
- arrow=1.2.3=py311haa95532_1
- astroid=2.14.2=py311haa95532_0
- asttokens=2.0.5=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- atomicwrites=1.4.0=py_0
- attrs=23.1.0=py311haa95532_0
- autopep8=2.0.4=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- aws-c-auth=0.7.16=h7613915_8
- aws-c-cal=0.6.10=hf6fcf4e_2
- aws-c-common=0.9.14=hcfcfb64_0
- aws-c-compression=0.2.18=hf6fcf4e_2
- aws-c-event-stream=0.4.2=h3df98b0_6
- aws-c-http=0.8.1=h4e3df0f_7
- aws-c-io=0.14.6=hf0b8b6f_2
- aws-c-mqtt=0.10.3=h96fac68_2
- aws-c-s3=0.5.4=h08df315_0
- aws-c-sdkutils=0.1.15=hf6fcf4e_2
- aws-checksums=0.1.18=hf6fcf4e_2
- aws-crt-cpp=0.26.4=hbe739fa_2
- aws-sdk-cpp=1.11.267=hfaf0dd0_4
- azure-core-cpp=1.11.1=h249a519_1
- azure-storage-blobs-cpp=12.10.0=h91493d7_1
- azure-storage-common-cpp=12.5.0=h91493d7_4
- babel=2.11.0=py311haa95532_0
- bcrypt=3.2.0=py311h2bbff1b_1
- beautifulsoup4=4.12.2=py311haa95532_0
- binaryornot=0.4.4=pyhd3eb1b0_1
- black=23.11.0=py311haa95532_0
- blas=1.0=mkl
- bleach=4.1.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- blosc=1.21.5=hdccc3a2_0
- bottleneck=1.3.7=py311hd7041d2_0
- branca=0.6.0=py311haa95532_0
- brotli=1.0.9=ha925a31_2
- brotli-python=1.0.9=py311hd77b12b_7
- bzip2=1.0.8=h2bbff1b_5
- c-ares=1.28.1=hcfcfb64_0
- c-blosc2=2.14.0=h183a6f4_0
- ca-certificates=2024.3.11=haa95532_0
- cairo=1.18.0=h1fef639_0
- cartopy=0.22.0=py311h786e728_0
- certifi=2024.2.2=py311haa95532_0
- cffi=1.16.0=py311h2bbff1b_0
- cfitsio=4.4.0=h9b0cee5_0
- cftime=1.6.2=py311h5bb9823_0
- chardet=4.0.0=py311haa95532_1003
- charls=2.4.2=h1537add_0
- charset-normalizer=2.0.4=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- click=8.1.7=py311haa95532_0
- click-plugins=1.1.1=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- cligj=0.7.2=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- cloudpickle=2.2.1=py311haa95532_0
- cmaps=2.0.1=pyhd8ed1ab_0
- colorama=0.4.6=py311haa95532_0
- comm=0.2.1=py311haa95532_0
- contourpy=1.2.0=py311h59b6b97_0
- cookiecutter=2.6.0=py311haa95532_0
- cryptography=42.0.5=py311h89fc84f_0
- cycler=0.11.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- dav1d=1.2.1=h2bbff1b_0
- debugpy=1.6.7=py311hd77b12b_0
- decorator=5.1.1=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- defusedxml=0.7.1=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- diff-match-patch=20200713=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- dill=0.3.7=py311haa95532_0
- docstring-to-markdown=0.11=py311haa95532_0
- docutils=0.18.1=py311haa95532_3
- executing=0.8.3=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- expat=2.6.2=h63175ca_0
- flake8=7.0.0=py311haa95532_0
- fmt=10.2.1=h181d51b_0
- folium=0.14.0=py311haa95532_0
- font-ttf-dejavu-sans-mono=2.37=hd3eb1b0_0
- font-ttf-inconsolata=2.001=hcb22688_0
- font-ttf-source-code-pro=2.030=hd3eb1b0_0
- font-ttf-ubuntu=0.83=h8b1ccd4_0
- fontconfig=2.14.2=hbde0cde_0
- fonts-anaconda=1=h8fa9717_0
- fonts-conda-ecosystem=1=hd3eb1b0_0
- fonttools=4.25.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- freetype=2.12.1=ha860e81_0
- freexl=2.0.0=hd7a5696_0
- geopandas=0.14.2=py311haa95532_0
- geopandas-base=0.14.2=py311haa95532_0
- geos=3.12.1=h1537add_0
- geotiff=1.7.1=hbf5ca3a_15
- gettext=0.21.1=h5728263_0
- giflib=5.2.1=h8cc25b3_3
- glib=2.80.0=h39d0aa6_1
- glib-tools=2.80.0=h0a98069_1
- gst-plugins-base=1.22.9=h001b923_1
- gstreamer=1.22.9=hb4038d2_1
- hdf4=4.2.15=h5557f11_7
- hdf5=1.14.3=nompi_h73e8ff5_100
- icc_rt=2022.1.0=h6049295_2
- icu=73.2=h63175ca_0
- idna=3.4=py311haa95532_0
- imagecodecs=2024.1.1=py311hd83dc81_3
- imageio=2.33.1=py311haa95532_0
- imagesize=1.4.1=py311haa95532_0
- importlib-metadata=7.0.1=py311haa95532_0
- importlib_metadata=7.0.1=hd3eb1b0_0
- inflection=0.5.1=py311haa95532_0
- intel-openmp=2023.1.0=h59b6b97_46320
- intervaltree=3.1.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- ipykernel=6.28.0=py311haa95532_0
- ipython=8.20.0=py311haa95532_0
- isort=5.9.3=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- jaraco.classes=3.2.1=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- jedi=0.18.1=py311haa95532_1
- jellyfish=1.0.1=py311h36a85e1_0
- jinja2=3.1.3=py311haa95532_0
- joblib=1.2.0=py311haa95532_0
- jsonschema=4.19.2=py311haa95532_0
- jsonschema-specifications=2023.7.1=py311haa95532_0
- jupyter_client=8.6.0=py311haa95532_0
- jupyter_core=5.5.0=py311haa95532_0
- jupyterlab_pygments=0.2.2=py311haa95532_0
- jxrlib=1.1=he774522_2
- kealib=1.5.3=hd248416_0
- keyring=24.3.1=py311haa95532_0
- kiwisolver=1.4.4=py311hd77b12b_0
- krb5=1.21.2=heb0366b_0
- lazy-object-proxy=1.6.0=py311h2bbff1b_0
- lazy_loader=0.3=py311haa95532_0
- lcms2=2.16=h67d730c_0
- lerc=4.0.0=h63175ca_0
- libabseil=20240116.1=cxx17_h63175ca_2
- libaec=1.1.3=h63175ca_0
- libarchive=3.7.2=h313118b_1
- libavif=1.0.1=h7a9aacb_3
- libbrotlicommon=1.1.0=hcfcfb64_1
- libbrotlidec=1.1.0=hcfcfb64_1
- libbrotlienc=1.1.0=hcfcfb64_1
- libclang13=18.1.2=default_hf64faad_1
- libcrc32c=1.1.2=hd77b12b_0
- libcurl=8.7.1=hd5e4a3a_0
- libdeflate=1.20=hcfcfb64_0
- libexpat=2.6.2=h63175ca_0
- libffi=3.4.4=hd77b12b_0
- libgdal=3.8.4=hf83a0e2_5
- libglib=2.80.0=h39d0aa6_1
- libgoogle-cloud=2.22.0=h9cad5c0_1
- libgoogle-cloud-storage=2.22.0=hb581fae_1
- libgrpc=1.62.1=h5273850_0
- libiconv=1.17=hcfcfb64_2
- libjpeg-turbo=3.0.0=hcfcfb64_1
- libkml=1.3.0=h63940dd_7
- libnetcdf=4.9.2=nompi_h07c049d_113
- libogg=1.3.5=h2bbff1b_1
- libpng=1.6.43=h19919ed_0
- libpq=16.2=hdb24f17_1
- libprotobuf=4.25.3=h503648d_0
- libre2-11=2023.09.01=hf8d8778_2
- librttopo=1.1.0=h94c4f80_15
- libsodium=1.0.18=h62dcd97_0
- libspatialindex=1.9.3=h6c2663c_0
- libspatialite=5.1.0=hf2f0abc_4
- libsqlite=3.45.2=hcfcfb64_0
- libssh2=1.11.0=h7dfc565_0
- libtiff=4.6.0=hddb2be6_3
- libvorbis=1.3.7=he774522_0
- libwebp-base=1.3.2=h2bbff1b_0
- libxcb=1.15=hcd874cb_0
- libxml2=2.12.6=hc3477c8_1
- libzip=1.10.1=h1d365fa_3
- libzlib=1.2.13=hcfcfb64_5
- libzopfli=1.0.3=ha925a31_0
- lz4-c=1.9.4=h2bbff1b_0
- lzo=2.10=he774522_2
- m2w64-gcc-libgfortran=5.3.0=6
- m2w64-gcc-libs=5.3.0=7
- m2w64-gcc-libs-core=5.3.0=7
- m2w64-gmp=6.1.0=2
- m2w64-libwinpthread-git=5.0.0.4634.697f757=2
- mapclassify=2.5.0=py311haa95532_0
- markdown-it-py=2.2.0=py311haa95532_1
- markupsafe=2.1.3=py311h2bbff1b_0
- matplotlib=3.8.0=py311haa95532_0
- matplotlib-base=3.8.0=py311hf62ec03_0
- matplotlib-inline=0.1.6=py311haa95532_0
- mccabe=0.7.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- mdurl=0.1.0=py311haa95532_0
- minizip=4.0.3=hb68bac4_0
- mistune=2.0.4=py311haa95532_0
- mkl=2023.1.0=h6b88ed4_46358
- mkl-service=2.4.0=py311h2bbff1b_1
- mkl_fft=1.3.8=py311h2bbff1b_0
- mkl_random=1.2.4=py311h59b6b97_0
- more-itertools=10.1.0=py311haa95532_0
- msys2-conda-epoch=20160418=1
- munkres=1.1.4=py_0
- mypy_extensions=1.0.0=py311haa95532_0
- nbclient=0.8.0=py311haa95532_0
- nbconvert=7.10.0=py311haa95532_0
- nbformat=5.9.2=py311haa95532_0
- nest-asyncio=1.6.0=py311haa95532_0
- netcdf4=1.6.5=nompi_py311he019f65_100
- networkx=3.1=py311haa95532_0
- numexpr=2.8.7=py311h1fcbade_0
- numpy=1.26.4=py311hdab7c0b_0
- numpy-base=1.26.4=py311hd01c5d8_0
- numpydoc=1.5.0=py311haa95532_0
- openjpeg=2.5.2=h3d672ee_0
- openssl=3.2.1=hcfcfb64_1
- packaging=23.2=py311haa95532_0
- pandas=2.2.1=py311hea22821_0
- pandocfilters=1.5.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- paramiko=2.8.1=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- parso=0.8.3=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- pathspec=0.10.3=py311haa95532_0
- pcre2=10.43=h17e33f8_0
- pexpect=4.8.0=pyhd3eb1b0_3
- pickleshare=0.7.5=pyhd3eb1b0_1003
- pip=23.3.1=py311haa95532_0
- pixman=0.43.4=h63175ca_0
- platformdirs=3.10.0=py311haa95532_0
- pluggy=1.0.0=py311haa95532_1
- ply=3.11=py311haa95532_0
- poppler=24.03.0=hc2f3c52_0
- poppler-data=0.4.11=haa95532_1
- postgresql=16.2=h94c9ec1_1
- proj=9.3.1=ha107b6e_0
- prompt-toolkit=3.0.43=py311haa95532_0
- prompt_toolkit=3.0.43=hd3eb1b0_0
- psutil=5.9.0=py311h2bbff1b_0
- pthread-stubs=0.3=h3c9f919_1
- ptyprocess=0.7.0=pyhd3eb1b0_2
- pure_eval=0.2.2=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- pycodestyle=2.11.1=py311haa95532_0
- pycparser=2.21=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- pydocstyle=6.3.0=py311haa95532_0
- pyflakes=3.2.0=py311haa95532_0
- pygments=2.15.1=py311haa95532_1
- pylint=2.16.2=py311haa95532_0
- pylint-venv=3.0.3=py311haa95532_0
- pyls-spyder=0.4.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- pynacl=1.5.0=py311h8cc25b3_0
- pyparsing=3.0.9=py311haa95532_0
- pyqt=5.15.10=py311hd77b12b_0
- pyqt5-sip=12.13.0=py311h2bbff1b_0
- pyqtwebengine=5.15.10=py311hd77b12b_0
- pyshp=2.3.1=py311haa95532_0
- pysocks=1.7.1=py311haa95532_0
- python=3.11.8=he1021f5_0
- python-dateutil=2.8.2=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- python-fastjsonschema=2.16.2=py311haa95532_0
- python-lsp-black=2.0.0=py311haa95532_0
- python-lsp-jsonrpc=1.1.2=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- python-lsp-server=1.10.0=py311haa95532_0
- python-slugify=5.0.2=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- python-tzdata=2023.3=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- python_abi=3.11=2_cp311
- pytoolconfig=1.2.6=py311haa95532_0
- pytz=2023.3.post1=py311haa95532_0
- pywin32=305=py311h2bbff1b_0
- pywin32-ctypes=0.2.2=py311haa95532_0
- pyyaml=6.0.1=py311h2bbff1b_0
- pyzmq=25.1.2=py311hd77b12b_0
- qdarkstyle=3.2.3=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- qstylizer=0.2.2=py311haa95532_0
- qt-main=5.15.8=h9e85ed6_20
- qt-webengine=5.15.9=h5bd16bc_7
- qtawesome=1.2.2=py311haa95532_0
- qtconsole=5.5.1=py311haa95532_0
- qtpy=2.4.1=py311haa95532_0
- rav1e=0.6.6=h975169c_2
- re2=2023.09.01=hd3b24a8_2
- referencing=0.30.2=py311haa95532_0
- requests=2.31.0=py311haa95532_1
- rich=13.3.5=py311haa95532_0
- rope=1.12.0=py311haa95532_0
- rpds-py=0.10.6=py311h062c2fa_0
- rtree=1.0.1=py311h2eaa2aa_0
- scikit-image=0.22.0=py311hb4ba03d_0
- scikit-learn=1.2.2=py311hd77b12b_1
- scipy=1.12.0=py311h9f229c6_0
- setuptools=68.2.2=py311haa95532_0
- sip=6.7.12=py311hd77b12b_0
- six=1.16.0=pyhd3eb1b0_1
- snappy=1.1.10=h6c2663c_1
- snowballstemmer=2.2.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- snuggs=1.4.7=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- sortedcontainers=2.4.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- soupsieve=2.5=py311haa95532_0
- spdlog=1.12.0=h64d2f7d_2
- sphinx=5.0.2=py311haa95532_0
- sphinxcontrib-applehelp=1.0.2=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- sphinxcontrib-devhelp=1.0.2=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp=2.0.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- sphinxcontrib-jsmath=1.0.1=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- sphinxcontrib-qthelp=1.0.3=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml=1.1.5=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- spyder=5.5.1=py311haa95532_0
- spyder-kernels=2.5.0=py311haa95532_0
- sqlite=3.41.2=h2bbff1b_0
- stack_data=0.2.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- svt-av1=1.7.0=h63175ca_0
- tbb=2021.8.0=h59b6b97_0
- text-unidecode=1.3=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- textdistance=4.2.1=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- threadpoolctl=2.2.0=pyh0d69192_0
- three-merge=0.1.1=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- tifffile=2023.4.12=py311haa95532_0
- tiledb=2.21.1=h25b666a_1
- tinycss2=1.2.1=py311haa95532_0
- tk=8.6.13=h5226925_1
- tomli=2.0.1=py311haa95532_0
- tomlkit=0.11.1=py311haa95532_0
- tornado=6.3.3=py311h2bbff1b_0
- traitlets=5.7.1=py311haa95532_0
- tzdata=2024a=h04d1e81_0
- ucrt=10.0.20348.0=haa95532_0
- ujson=5.4.0=py311hd77b12b_0
- unidecode=1.2.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- uriparser=0.9.7=h2bbff1b_0
- urllib3=2.1.0=py311haa95532_1
- vc=14.2=h21ff451_1
- vc14_runtime=14.38.33130=h82b7239_18
- vs2015_runtime=14.38.33130=hcb4865c_18
- watchdog=2.1.6=py311haa95532_0
- wcwidth=0.2.5=pyhd3eb1b0_0
- webencodings=0.5.1=py311haa95532_1
- whatthepatch=1.0.2=py311haa95532_0
- wheel=0.41.2=py311haa95532_0
- win_inet_pton=1.1.0=py311haa95532_0
- wrapt=1.14.1=py311h2bbff1b_0
- wrf-python=1.3.4.1=py311hc52a59b_3
- xarray=2023.6.0=py311haa95532_0
- xerces-c=3.2.5=h63175ca_0
- xorg-libxau=1.0.11=hcd874cb_0
- xorg-libxdmcp=1.1.3=hcd874cb_0
- xyzservices=2022.9.0=py311haa95532_1
- xz=5.4.6=h8cc25b3_0
- yaml=0.2.5=he774522_0
- yapf=0.40.2=py311haa95532_0
- zeromq=4.3.5=hd77b12b_0
- zfp=1.0.1=h63175ca_0
- zipp=3.17.0=py311haa95532_0
- zlib=1.2.13=hcfcfb64_5
- zlib-ng=2.0.7=h2bbff1b_0
- zstd=1.5.5=hd43e919_0
- pip:
- descartes==1.1.0
- fiona==1.8.21
- gdal==3.4.3
- global-land-mask==1.0.0
- munch==4.0.0
- pillow==9.1.1
- pooch==1.8.1
- pyogrio==0.7.2
- pyproj==3.3.1
- rasterio==1.2.10
- regionmask==0.12.1
- salem==0.3.5
- shapely==1.8.2
prefix: D:\anaconda\ANACONDA\envs\py311
封面来源：
https://salem.readthedocs.io/en/stable/_images/plot_wrf_t2.png